2009年的演讲,当时的JavaScript远没有现在流行,Node.js/AngularJS刚刚发布,人们对JS还有很多质疑和误解
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JavaScript: The Good Parts
Douglas Crockford
Yahoo! Inc.
http://www.crockford.com/codecamp/
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The World's Most Misunderstood Programming Language
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A language of many contrasts.
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The broadest range of programmer skills of any programming language.
From computer scientists to cut-n-pasters and everyone in between.
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Complaints
"JavaScript is not a language I know."
"The browser programming experience is awful."
"It's not fast enough."
"The language is just a pile of mistakes."
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Hidden under a huge steaming pile of good intentions and blunders is an elegant, expressive programming language.
JavaScript has good parts.
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JavaScript is succeeding very well in an environment where Java was a total failure.
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Influences
Self
prototypal inheritance
dynamic objects
Scheme
lambda
loose typing
Java
syntax
conventions
Perl
regular expressions
第9页
Bad Parts
Global Variables
+ adds and concatenates
Semicolon insertion
typeof
with and eval
phony arrays
== and !=
false, null, undefined, NaN
第10页
Transitivity? What's That?
'' == '0' // false
0 == '' // true
0 == '0' // true
false == 'false' // false
false == '0' // true
false == undefined // false
false == null // false
null == undefined // true
" \t\r\n " == 0 // true
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value = myObject[name];
if (value == null) {
alert(name + ' not found.');
}
Two errors that cancel each other out.
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value = myObject[name];
if (value === undefined) {
alert(name + ' not found.');
}
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Good features that interact badly
Objects can inherit from other objects.
Functions can be members of objects.
for..in statement mixes inherited functions with the desired data members.
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for in is troublesome
Design question: Should for..in do a shallow skim or a deep dredge?
Decision: Deep dredge. The programmer must explicitly filter out the deep members.
Except: They didn't tell anybody!
Consequence: Lots of confusion about how to use for..in.
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for in is troublesome
Better Decision: Don't release the language broadly until we have enough experience to have confidence that we made the right choice.
Historical Context: Getting it right at Netscape wasn't an option.
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Bad Heritage
Blockless statements
if (foo)
bar();
Expression statements
foo;
Floating point arithmetic
0.1 + 0.2 !== 0.3
++ and --
switch
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Good Parts
Lambda
Dynamic Objects
Loose Typing
Object Literals
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Inheritance
Inheritance is object-oriented code reuse.
Two Schools:
Classical
Prototypal
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Prototypal Inheritance
Class-free.
Objects inherit from objects.
An object contains a link to another object: Delegation. Differential Inheritance.
var newObject =
Object.create(oldObject);
newObject
oldObject
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Prototypal Inheritance
if (typeof Object.create !== 'function') {
Object.create = function (o) {
function F() {}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
};
}
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new
The new operator is required when calling a Constructor function.
If new is omitted, the global object is clobbered by the constructor.
There is no compile-time or run-time warning.
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Global
var names = ['zero', 'one', 'two',
'three', 'four', 'five', 'six',
'seven', 'eight', 'nine'];
var digit_name = function (n) {
return names[n];
};
alert(digit_name(3)); // 'three'
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Slow
var digit_name = function (n) {
var names = ['zero', 'one', 'two',
'three', 'four', 'five', 'six',
'seven', 'eight', 'nine'];
return names[n];
};
alert(digit_name(3)); // 'three'
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Closure
var digit_name = (function () {
var names = ['zero', 'one', 'two',
'three', 'four', 'five', 'six',
'seven', 'eight', 'nine'];
return function (n) {
return names[n];
};
}());
alert(digit_name(3)); // 'three'
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A Module Pattern
var singleton = (function () {
var privateVariable;
function privateFunction(x) {
...privateVariable...
}
return {
firstMethod: function (a, b) {
...privateVariable...
},
secondMethod: function (c) {
...privateFunction()...
}
};
}());
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Module pattern is easily transformed into a powerful constructor pattern.
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Power Constructors
Make an object.
Object literal
new
Object.create
call another power constructor
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Power Constructors
Make an object.
Object literal, new, Object.create, call another power constructor
Define some variables and functions.
These become private members.
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Power Constructors
Make an object.
Object literal, new, Object.create, call another power constructor
Define some variables and functions.
These become private members.
Augment the object with privileged methods.
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Power Constructors
Make an object.
Object literal, new, Object.create, call another power constructor
Define some variables and functions.
These become private members.
Augment the object with privileged methods.
Return the object.
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Step One
function myPowerConstructor(x) {
var that = otherMaker(x);
}
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Step Two
function myPowerConstructor(x) {
var that = otherMaker(x);
var secret = f(x);
}
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Step Three
function myPowerConstructor(x) {
var that = otherMaker(x);
var secret = f(x);
that.priv = function () {
... secret x that ...
};
}
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Step Four
function myPowerConstructor(x) {
var that = otherMaker(x);
var secret = f(x);
that.priv = function () {
... secret x that ...
};
return that;
}
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Closure
A function object contains
A function (name, parameters, body)
A reference to the environment in which it was created (context).
This is a very good thing.
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Style Isn't Subjective
block
{
....
}
Might work well in other languages
block {
....
}
Works well in JavaScript
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Style Isn't Subjective
return
{
ok: false
};
SILENT ERROR!
return {
ok: true
};
Works well in JavaScript
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Style Isn't Subjective
return
{
ok: false
};
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Style Isn't Subjective
return; // semicolon insertion
{
ok: false
};
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{ // block
ok: false
};
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{
ok: false // label
};
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{ // useless
ok: false // expression
}; // statement
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{
ok: false; // semicolon
}; // insertion
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{
ok: false;
}; // empty statement
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Style Isn't Subjective
return;
{ // unreachable statement
ok: false;
}
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Style Isn't Subjective
return
{
ok: false
};
Bad style
return;
{
ok: false;
}
Bad results
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Working with the Grain
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A Personal Journey
Beautiful Code
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JSLint
JSLint defines a professional subset of JavaScript.
It imposes a programming discipline that makes me much more confident in a dynamic, loosely-typed environment.
http://www.JSLint.com/
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WARNING!
JSLint will hurt your feelings.
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Unlearning Is Really Hard
Perfectly Fine == Faulty
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It's not ignorance does so much damage; it's knowin' so derned much that ain't so.
Josh Billings
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The Very Best Part:Stability
No new design errors
since 1999!
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Coming Soon
[ES3.1] ECMAScript Fifth Edition
Corrections
Reality
Support for object hardening
Strict mode for reliability
"use strict";
Waiting on implementations
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Not Coming Soon
[ES4] This project has been cancelled.
Instead, [ES-Harmony].
So far, this project has no defined goals or rules.
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Safe Subsets
The most effective way to make this language better is to make it smaller.
FBJS
Caja & Cajita
Web Sandbox
ADsafe
The next edition of ECMAScript might include a secure formal subset.
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The Good Parts
Your JavaScript application can reach a potential audience of billions.
If you avoid the bad parts, JavaScript works really well. There is some brilliance in it.
It is possible to write good programs with JavaScript.
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